Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NADh+, is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide since it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide.

In metabolism, NAD+ is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent - it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH,   (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD+. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD+ metabolism are targets for drug discovery.

In organisms, NAD+ can be synthesized from simple building blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD+. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD+ is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD+, but it has different roles in metabolism.

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*  Nutritional peptides enhance the assimilation of mineral elements.
*  Nucleotides develop immunity and enable animals to produce more IgG and IgM.
*  Nucleotides promote intestinally and bring regeneration of benefical bacteria.



* Nucleotides accelerate the liver's recovery from damages.
* Mannan oligosaccharides absorb pathogenic bacteria and take them out of bodies.
* Beta-glucan activates macrophages to improve animal immunity.
* I+G improve feed palatability and increase the intake