Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the animal's nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all cells. Vitamin B12 also helps prevent a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia that makes people tired and weak.

Two steps are required for the animal to absorb vitamin B12 from food. First, hydrochloric acid in the stomach separates vitamin B12 from the protein to which vitamin B12 is attached in food. After this, vitamin B12 combines with a protein made by the stomach called intrinsic factor and is absorbed by the body. Some animal have pernicious anemia, a condition in which they cannot make intrinsic factor. As a result, they have trouble absorbing vitamin B12 from all foods and dietary supplements.
 

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Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic (man-made) form of vitamin B12. Naturally occurring vitamin B12 is found in fish, seafood, milk, egg yolk and fermented cheeses. Vitamin B12 is essential to the development of healthy blood cells, nerve cells, and proteins in the body and for the normal metabolism of fats and carbohydrates in the body. Lack of vitamin B12 can result in anemia, stomach problems, and nerve damage. Cyanocobalamin treats or prevents vitamin B12 deficiency and a resulting type of anemia, called pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia occurs in patients who do not have enough vitamin B12 in their diet (e.g., strict vegetarians) or who cannot adequately absorb the vitamin due to a defect or disease of the stomach or intestines.
 

Vitamin B₁₂ is a water-soluble vitamin. The term vitamin B₁₂ includes the free vitamin (cyanocobalamin) and two coenzymes methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin.

Vitamin B₁₂ is released from dietary proteins by pepsin and HCl in the stomach. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B₁₂ is stored in the human body. The body stores between 5 and 12 mg of vitamin B₁₂, primarily in the liver and kidneys, and excesses are excreted by way of kidney or in bile.

Vitamin B12 is essential for two types of enzymatic reactions in humans; methyl group transfer and transfer of a hydrogen atom from one carbon to an adjacent carbon atom.

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiencies manifest primarily as anemia and neurologic changes, although a deficiency of this vitamin inhibits DNA synthesis, which affects growth and repair of all cells.

Pernicious anemia is a form of megaloblastic anemia caused by either inadequate vitamin B₁₂ intake or reduced gastric secretion of intrinsic factor, which inhibits absorption.

Neurologic changes due to vitamin B₁₂ deficiency can occur in the absence of any hematologic abnormalities. Depending on the duration of symptoms, neurologic complications of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency may or may not be reversible following treatment.

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beta-hydroxybutyrate Na / Ca /K / Mg Packing in 25kg/drum
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backage:25kg in carton