Metronidazole 443-48-1 for Treating Local Infections 

Description 

Metronidazole, marketed under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis, and bacterial vaginosis. It is effective for dracunculiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis. It is an option for a first episode of mild-to-moderate Clostridium difficile colitis if vancomycin or fidaxomicin is unavailable. Metronidazole is available by mouth, as a cream, and by injection into a vein.

Common side effects include nausea, a metallic taste, loss of appetite, and headaches.^]Occasionally seizures or allergies to the medication may occur.Some state that metronidazole should not be used in early pregnancy, while others state doses for trichomoniasis are safe.^[6] It should not be used when breastfeeding.

Metronidazole began to be commercially used in 1960 in France.It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. It is available in most areas of the world.The pills are relatively inexpensive, costing between 0.01 and US$0.10 each. In the United States, it is about US$26 for ten days of treatment. In 2016, it was the 71st most prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11 million prescriptions.

 

Medical uses

Metronidazole is primarily used to treat: bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease (along with other antibacterials like ceftriaxone), pseudomembranous colitis, aspiration pneumonia, rosacea (topical), fungating wounds (topical), intra-abdominal infections, lung abscess, periodontitis, amoebiasis, oral infections, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and infections caused by susceptible anaerobic organisms such as Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, and Prevotella species. It is also often used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori along with other drugs and to prevent infection in people recovering from surgery.

Metronidazole is bitter and so the liquid suspension contains metronidazole benzoate. This may require hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract and some sources speculate that it may be unsuitable in people with diarrhea or feeding-tubes in the duodenum or jejunum.

Bacterial vaginosis

Drugs of choice for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis include metronidazole and clindamycin. The treatment of choice for bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women include metronidazole oral twice daily for seven days, or metronidazole gel intravaginally once daily for five days, or clindamycin intravaginally at bedtime for seven days. For pregnant women, the treatment of choice is metronidazole oral three times a day for seven days. Data does not report routine treatment of male sexual partners.

Trichomoniasis

The 5-nitroimidazole drugs (metronidazole and tinidazole) are the mainstay of treatment for infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Treatment for both the infected patient and the patient's sexual partner is recommended, even if asymptomatic. Therapy other than 5-nitroimidazole drugs is also an option, but cure rates are much lower.

Giardiasis

Oral metronidazole is a treatment option for giardiasis, however, the increasing incidence of nitroimidazole resistance is leading to the increased use of other compound classes.

Dracunculus

In the case of Dracunculus (guinea worm), metronidazole just eases worm extraction rather than killing the worm.

C. difficile colitis

Initial antibiotic therapy for less-severe Clostridium difficile colitis (pseudomembranous colitis) consists of metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin by mouth. In 2017 the IDSA generally recommended vancomycin and fidaxomicin over metronidazole.Vancomycin by mouth has been shown to be more effective in treating people with severe C. difficile colitis.

E. histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica invasive amebiasis is treated with metronidazole for eradication, in combination with diloxanide to prevent recurrence.

Preterm births

Metronidazole has also been used in women to prevent preterm birth associated with bacterial vaginosis, amongst other risk factors including the presence of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin (fFN). Metronidazole was ineffective in preventing preterm delivery in high-risk pregnant women (selected by history and a positive fFN test) and, conversely, the incidence of preterm delivery was found to be higher in women treated with metronidazole.

Packaging and transportation 

Packing: this product is double-packed: the inner layer is sealed with edible polythene plastic bags, and the outer packaging is in cardboard boxes.The net content of each case is 25kg. It can also be packed according to customers' needs.

Transportation: light loading and unloading.Prevent the sun, rain, can not be mixed with toxic, harmful goods, this product is not dangerous goods, can be transported according to the general chemicals.
Storage: it should be stored in a dry, clean and dark environment. It is strictly prohibited to mix with toxic substances to avoid pollution.The shelf life is two years.


Packaging