Introduction                                            

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through theirphosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.

 Main Function                                          

1. Nutritional peptides enhance the assimilation of mineral elements.

2. Nucleotides develop nthe immunity and enable animals to produce more IgG and IgM.

3. Nucleotides promote intestinal and bring regeneration of benefical bacteria.

4. Nucleotides accelerate the liver recovery from damages.

5. Mannan oligosaccharides absorb pathogenic bacteria and take them out of bodies.

6. Beta-glucan activate macrophages to improve animal immunity.

7. I+G improve feed palatability and increase the intake

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has several essential roles in metabolism. It acts as acoenzyme inredox reactions, as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions, as a precursor of thesecond messenger molecule cyclic ADP-ribose, as well as acting as a substrate for bacterial DNA ligases and a group of enzymes called sirtuins that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins. In addition to these metabolic functions, NAD+ emerges as an adenine nucleotide that can be released from cells spontaneously and by regulated mechanisms, and can therefore have important extracellularroles.

The enzymes that make and use NAD+ and NADH are important in both pharmacology and the research into future treatments for disease. Drug design and drug development exploits NAD+ in three ways: as a direct target of drugs, by designing enzyme inhibitors or activators based on its structure that change the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, and by trying to inhibit NAD+biosynthesis.

The coenzyme NAD+ is not itself currently used as a treatment for any disease. However, it is being studied for its potential use in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such asAlzheimer's andParkinson disease. Evidence on the benefit of NAD+ in neurodegeneration is mixed; some studies inmice have produced promising results whereas a placebo-controlled clinical trial in humans failed to show any effect.

NAD+ is also a direct target of the drug isoniazid, which is used in the treatment oftuberculosis, an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Isoniazid is a prodrug and once it has entered the bacteria, it is activated by a peroxidase enzyme, which oxidizes the compound into a free radicalform. This radical then reacts with NADH, to produce adducts that are very potent inhibitors of the enzymes enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, and dihydrofolate reductase. In one experiment, mice given NAD for one week had improved nuclear-mitochrondrial communication.

 Application                                                  

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a water-soluble vitamin, The product is white crystalline powder, odorless or nearly odorless, bitter in taste, freely soluble in water or ethanol, dissolvable in glycerin. 

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is easy to absorb oral, and can be widely distributed in the body, the excess metabolites or prototype quickly expel from urine.  Nicotinamide is part of coenzyme I and coenzyme II, plays the role of hydrogen delivery in biological oxidation respiratory chain, can promote biological oxidation  processes and tissue metabolism, maintain normal tissue (especially the skin, digestive tract and nervous system) integrity has an important role. 

In addition, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide has prevention and treatment of heart block, sinus node function and anti fast experimental arrhythmias, nicotinamide can significantly improve the heart rate and atrioventricular block caused by verapamil. 

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