Estriol CAS: 50-27-1 Have Good Efeect for Treating Hepatities Urogenital Atrophy

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Description

Estriol (E3), also spelled oestriol, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone.  It is one of three major endogenous estrogens, the others being estradiol and estrone.  Levels of estriol in women who are not pregnant are almost undetectable.  However, during pregnancy, estriol is synthesized in very high quantities by the placenta and is the most produced estrogen in the body by far,^[3][4] although circulating levels of estriol are similar to those of other estrogens due to a relatively high rate of metabolism and excretion.  Relative to estradiol, both estriol and estrone have far weaker activity as estrogens.

In addition to its role as a natural hormone, estriol is used as a medication, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy; for information on estriol as a medication, see the estriol (medication) article.

Biological activity

Estriol is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ.  It is a far less potent estrogen than is estradiol, and as such is a relatively weak estrogen.  According to one in vitro study, the relative binding affinity (RBA) of estriol for the human ERα and ERβ was 11.3% and 17.6% of that estradiol, respectively, and the relative transactivational capacity of estriol at the ERα and ERβ was 10.6% and 16.6% of that of estradiol, respectively.  According to another in vitro study however, the RBA of estriol for the ERα and ERβ were 14% and 21% of those of estradiol, respectively,  suggesting that unlike estradiol and estrone, estriol may have preferential affinity for ERβ.

Although estriol is an efficacious agonist of the ERs, it is reported to have mixed agonist-antagonist (partial agonist) activity at the ER; on its own, it is weakly estrogenic, but in the presence estradiol, it is antiestrogenic.  Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol.  It is notable that unlike estriol, estrone can be metabolized into estradiol, and most of its potency in vivo is in fact actually due to conversion into estradiol.

In addition to acting as an agonist of the nuclear ERs, estriol also acts as an antagonist of the GPER at high concentrations, a membrane estrogen receptor where, conversely, estradiol acts as an agonist.  Estradiol increases breast cancer cell growth via activation of the GPER (in addition to the ER), and estriol has been found to inhibit estradiol-induced proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells through blockade of the GPER.

Biosynthesis

In non-pregnant women

In women who are not pregnant estriol is produced in only very small quantities, and circulating levels are barely detectable.  Unlike estradiol and estrone, estriol is not synthesized in or secreted from the ovaries,  and is instead derived mainly if not exclusively from 16α-hydroxylation of estradiol and estrone by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., CYP3A4) mainly in the liver.  Estriol is cleared from the circulation rapidly in non-pregnant women, and so circulating levels are very low, but concentrations of estriol in the urine are relatively high.^]
Although circulating levels of estriol are very low outside of pregnancy, parous women have been found to have levels of estriol that are to some degree higher than those of nulliparouswomen.

In pregnant women

Estriol is produced in quantities that are notable only during pregnancy.  Levels of estriol increase 1,000-fold during pregnancy,  whereas levels of estradiol and estrone increase 100-fold,  and estriol accounts for 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women.  At term, the daily production of estriol by the placenta is 35 to 45 mg, and levels in the maternal circulation are 8 to 13 ng/dL.

The placenta produces pregnenolone and progesterone from circulating cholesterol. Pregnenolone is taken up by the fetal adrenal glands and converted into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is then sulfated by steroid sulfotransferase into dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S).[citation needed] DHEA-S is hydroxylated by high CYP3A7 expression and activity into 16α-hydroxy-DHEA-S (16α-OH-DHEA-S) in the fetal liver and to a limited extent in the fetal adrenal glands. 16α-OH-DHEA-S is then taken up by the placenta. Due to high expression of steroid sulfatase in the placenta, 16α-OH-DHEA-S is rapidly cleaved into 16α-OH-DHEA.  Then, 16α-OH-DHEA is converted by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (3β-HSD1) into 16α-hydroxyandrostenedione (16α-OH-A4) and 16α-OH-A4 is converted by aromatase into 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH-E1), which is subsequently converted into estriol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and then secreted predominantly into the maternal circulation. Approximately 90% of precursors in estriol formation originate from the fetus.

During pregnancy, 90 to 95% of estriol in the maternal circulation is conjugated in the form of estriol glucuronide and estriol sulfate, and levels of unconjugated estriol are slightly less than those of unconjugated estradiol and similar to those of unconjugated estrone.  As such, target tissues are likely to be exposed to similar amounts of free estriol, estradiol, and estrone during pregnancy.

Estrone and estradiol are also produced in the placenta during pregnancy.  However, in the case of estrone and estradiol, DHEA-S is taken up by the placenta and cleaved by steroid sulfatase into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA is converted by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I into androstenedione, and androstenedione is aromatized into estrone. Then, placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase interconverts estrone and estradiol and the two hormones are secreted into the maternal circulation. DHEA-S that is taken up by the placenta is mainly produced by the fetal adrenal glands