1.NMN converts to NAD by different enzymes in different subcellular compartments
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) is the central enzyme of the NAD biosynthetic pathway. The conversion of NMN to NAD+ is catalyzed by three enzyme isoforms-namely, NMN adenyltransferases (NMNATs) that are differentially localized (NMNAT1, nucleus; NMNAT2, Golgi, cytosol-facing; NMNAT3, mitochondria)

2.NMN increases NAD and delays cell death
When NMN was added to the culture medium for 1 h, its intracellular contents increased in both cell types (HeLa and U937 cells), indicating that the nucleotide readily permeates the plasma membrane. Accordingly, NAD contents increased in both HeLa and U937 cells exposed to NMN. NMN reduces NAD and ATP depletion in cells undergoing PARP-1 hyperactivation, significantly delaying cell death


1. Increases cellular energy In human cells,
NMN is available as a source of cellular energy. Mitochondria are intracellular powerhouses that produce ATP and carry out diverse functions for cellular energy metabolism. Mitochondrial ATP production and membrane potential require the universal cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD)[4]. NMN increases cellular energy by converting to NAD in cells.

2.Improves learning and memory
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are recognized as the primary neurotoxic agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired brain energy metabolism and oxidative stress are implicated in cognitive decline in AD. NMN restored levels of NAD+ and ATP, eliminated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Aβ oligomer-treated hippocampal slices. The present study indicates that NMN could restore cognition in AD model rats. The beneficial effect of NMN is produced by ameliorating neuron survival, improving energy metabolism and reducing ROS accumulation